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Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi called for negotiations, but only on condition that the referendum’s result was cancelled. But then KRG President Masoud Barzani, followed through with the independence referendum, including Kirkuk in the vote. The Iraqi Government agreed to re-activate the process under the 2005 Constitution, once the Islamic State was completely vanquished. Both Baghdad and Erbil hailed the military success as a turning point in their political relationship. The defeat of ISIS in Iraq’s second city Mosul this summer revived the prospect of reconciliation. The Independence Referendum and Baghdad’s Response Those of the Kurdistan Democratic Party controlled governmental institutions and began export of oil, to which the Iraqi Government responded by cutting off the Kurdistan Regional Government’s share of the federal budget. The peshmerga moved into Kirkuk, lifting the Kurdistan flag on the provincial building. But this was not a reversion to the precarious status quo. Unrealistic in such a short period, the plan collapsed under bargains between Shia and Kurdish politicians serving their own interests.įollowing the dramatic ascendancy of the Islamic State in June 2014, with areas around Kirkuk falling to the militants, Iraqi troops and Kurdish pehsmerga forces collaborated to reclaim the lost territory. Both ambiguous and ambitious, the process never took place. Article 140 called for normalization, with implementation by the end of 2007 through a census and “a referendum in Kirkuk and other disputed territories to determine the will of their citizens”. Kirkuk, claimed by both Baghdad and the Iraqi Kurdistan Regional Government in Erbil, was labelled as “disputed”, along other 27 territories. Under the 2005 Iraqi constitution, Kurdistan was recognized as a federal region within the state of Iraq. For Turkmen and the Chaldeo-Assyrians, this is their “ancestral capital”, although they still largely link this with a united Iraqi state.
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For Iraqi Arabs, the city is “a microcosm of the state”, a “small Iraq”, with a pluralistic and diverse identity that transcends centuries. For the Kurds, Kirkuk is the “Jerusalem of Kurdistan”.
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Its ancient citadel, on the east bank of the Tigris, has seen the rise and fall of the Akkadian, the Assyrian, the Parthian, Salgus, and Ottoman empires, as well as the Arab Islamic conquest of the 7th century.Įach of these rulers brought demographic shifts, but today’s Kirkuk was forged in the heightening of ethnic identities after World War I and the formation of the new Iraqi State. A name whose pronunciation indicates its Aramaic origin, Kirkuk is as old as the 3rd millennium BC. Video: Cómo montar un entorno local y dejar de desperdiciar el dinero.The history of Kirkuk reflects its heterogeneous multi-ethnic nature.Article: WHY I CHOOSE LARAGON FOR LOCAL DEVELOPMENT (English).Laragon Portable: PHP 5.4, MySQL 5.1, bitmana - Good for getting started with PHP, then you can add newer versions of PHP/MySQL easily later using “Tools > Quick add”.
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